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The Onoq Western Turkic Khaganate () was a Turkic khaganate formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century (593603 AD) after the Göktürk Khaganate (founded in the 6th century in Mongolia by the Ashina clan) had splintered into two politiesEastern and Western. The Western Turks initially sought friendly relations with the Eastern Roman Empire in order to expand their territory at the expense of their mutual enemy, the Sassanid Persian Empire.〔Twitchett, David. ''The Cambridge History of China''. Cambridge University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-521-21446-7. Page 223.〕 The Western Turks were also known as the Onogurs or Onoghurs, from the proto-Turkic ''Onoq'' ("ten arrows"). An "arrow" (''oğuz'') was a name for one division of the Turkic tribes. ==History== For the origin of the Onoq two contradicting accounts are given:〔Xue, "A History of Turks", p. 271, 300.〕〔Wang, "Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab", p. 28.〕 The first statement dates their origin back to the beginning of the First Turkic Qaghanate with Istämi, younger brother of Tumen (Bumen), who had brought with him the ten tribes probably from the Eastern Qaghanate at Mongolia and left to the west to expand the Qaghanate. The exact date for the event was not recorded, and the shanyu here referred to might be Muhan Khan. The second statement contributes it to Dielishi, who took over the throne in 635 and began to strengthen the state by further affirming the initial ten tribes and two tribal wings, in contrast with the rotation of rule between the Tumen (through Apa) and Istämi (through Tardu) lineages in the Western Qaghanate. Thereafter, the name "ten tribes" (十姓) became as a shortened address for the Western Turks in Chinese records. However it should be noted that those divisions did not include the five〔1. Chuyue (处月, later as Shato) 2. Chumi (处密) 3. Gusu (姑苏) 4. Bishi (畀失) 5. Qarluq.〕 major tribes, who were active further east of the ten tribes.〔Xue, "A History of Turks", p. 271, 273, 275, 300-301.〕〔Wang, "Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab", p. 29.〕 The earlier tribes consisted of eight primary tribes ruled by ten chiefs-in-command, afterwards called the on (ten) oq (arrows) (十箭). They were the five〔1. Chumukun (处木昆) 2. Huluju (胡禄居) 3. Shesheti (摄舍提) 4. Tuqishi (突骑施) 5. Shunishi (鼠尼施).〕 Duolu (咄陆) tribes, and the three〔1. A-Xijie (阿悉结) 2. Geshu (哥舒) 3. Basegan (拔塞干).〕 Nushibi (弩失毕) tribes. The relationships between the ten tribes and the ruling elites were divided into two groups. The more aristocratic Duolu tribes, who held the title qur, and the lower-rated Nushipi in west, who were probably initially made up of Tiele conscripts.〔Xue, "A History of Turks", p. 272, 314.〕〔Wang, "Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab", p. 30-31.〕 During the reformation the more powerful Nushipi tribes such as A-Xijie and Geshu were sub-divided into two tribal groups with a greater and lesser title under a fixed tribal name. In 619 the Western Turks invaded Bactria but were repulsed in the course of the Second Perso-Turkic War. During the Third Perso-Turkic War Khagan Tung Yabghu and his nephew Böri Shad joined their forces with Emperor Heraclius and successfully invaded Transcaucasia. The khaganate's capitals were Navekat (the summer capital) and Suyab (the principal capital), both situated in the Chui River valley of Kyrgyzstan, to the east from Bishkek. The khaganate was overrun by Tang Chinese forces under Su Dingfang in 658-659 during the Tang campaign against the Western Turks.〔Hans J. Van de Ven. ''Warfare in Chinese History''. Brill Academic Publishers, 2000. ISBN 90-04-11774-1. Page 118.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Western Turkic Khaganate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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